Pioglitazone and thyroid cancer risk in patients with type 2 diabetes

Materials and methods The reimbursement data of all diabetic patients treated with oral anti-diabetic agents or insulin within the period from 1996 to 2009 were retrieved from the Taiwan’s National Health Insurance. An entry date was set at 1 January 2006 and the incidence of thyroid cancer was followed up until the end of 2009 in 1097215 patients with type 2 diabetes. Incidences for ever-users, never-users and subgroups of dose-response exposure to pioglitazone (i.e. tertile cutoffs of cumulative duration and cumulative dose) were calculated. Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes duration, comorbidities (hypertension, obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, ischemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, eye disease, obesity, dyslipidemia, previous thyroid benign disease, and other cancer), medications (statin, fibrate, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and/or angiotensin receptor blocker, calcium channel blocker, sulfonylurea, metformin, insulin acarbose, rosiglitazone, aspirin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, dipyridamole and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and potential detection examinations (thyroid sonography, thyroid aspiration, and/or thyroid function test).